Ensambles de Aves Terrestres en Diferentes Paisajes Rurales: Un Estudio de Caso en las Pampas del Centro de Argentina

A combination of elements (e.g., crops and pasture lands, strips of roadside vegetation, woodlots, temporary wetlands) increases the heterogeneity of rural landscapes. Agricultural landscapes range from homogeneous, dominated by a single element (i.e., pure cropland or pure pastoral farming) to heterogeneous, dominated by two or more elements (i.e., mixed farming). In this study we characterized landbird assemblages in various agricultural landscapes (cropland, pastoral, and mixed landscapes) in the Pampas of central Argentina, surveying along transects to quantify species richness, composition, and abundance. Mixed landscapes were more heterogeneous than pastoral areas and cropland. Species richness, particularly of generalists, was greater in mixed landscapes. Richness of grassland specialists (species of increased conservation concern in the Pampas) was lower in croplands than in pastoral and mixed landscapes. An indicator-species analysis supported the association of some grassland specialists (Rhea americana, Asthenes hudsoni, Embernagra platensis, Pseudoleistes virescens) with pastoral landscapes. Our results suggest that maintaining landscape heterogeneity throughout the Pampas (i.e., mixed landscapes) is important for preserving species richness of birds. But several threatened grassland specialists inhabiting the Pampas, such as Rhea americana and Asthenes hudsoni, are found exclusively in pastoral landscapes, so the long-term survival of these species will depend on the conservation of this landscape type.La combinación de elementos del paisaje (e.g., cultivos, pastizales, vegetación de bordes de caminos, arboledas y humedales temporarios) incrementa la heterogeneidad y define diferentes tipos de paisajes rurales, desde paisajes homogéneos dominados por un único elemento (i.e., paisaje de cultivo o ganadero) hasta paisajes heterogéneos dominados por dos o más elementos (i.e., paisajes mixtos). En este estudio caracterizamos los ensambles de aves terrestres en diferentes tipos de paisajes rurales de la Pampa argentina (paisajes de cultivos, ganaderos y mixtos). Las aves terrestres fueron muestreadas con transectas para determinar la riqueza de especies, la composición y la abundancia en cada tipo de paisaje rural. El paisaje mixto tuvo una mayor heterogeneidad que los paisajes de cultivos y ganaderos. El paisaje mixto tuvo una mayor riqueza de especies que los paisajes de cultivos y ganaderos, en especial de especies generalistas. Por otro lado, el paisaje de cultivos tuvo la menor riqueza de especialistas de pastizal (aquellas con problemas de conservación en la Pampa) que los paisajes ganaderos y mixtos. Un análisis de especies indicadoras destacó la asociación entre algunas especies de pastizal (Rhea americana, Asthenes hudsoni, Embernagra platensis, Pseudoleistes virescens) y el paisaje ganadero. Nuestros resultados sugieren la importancia de mantener la heterogeneidad del paisaje en los agroecosistemas de la Pampa argentina (i.e., paisajes mixtos) para preservar la riqueza de aves. Sin embargo, cabe señalar que varias especies amenazadas de pastizal que habitan en los pastizales de las pampas, como R. americana y A. hudsoni, se encuentran exclusivamente en paisajes ganaderos, por lo que su supervivencia a largo plazo dependerá de la conservación de este tipo de paisaje.Fil: Codesido, Mariano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez Fischer, Carlos Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Bilenca, David Norberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentin

Barreras que dificultan la procuracion de organos y tejidos para trasplantes en la provincia de Misiones. 16H221

La temática transplantológica ha tenido avances sin precedentes en la ciencia médica, y la medicina de nuestro país ha acompañado de cerca esta evolución del conocimiento, al punto de colocar a nuestros especialistas en el tema y al INCUCAI en una posición de liderazgo en Latinoamérica. Así, el implante de órganos, tejidos y células se ha vuelto una práctica cada vez más frecuente en nuestro sistema de salud. Además, debido a la eficacia de sus resultados, se transforma día a día en una terapéutica cuya indicación se multiplica para todos los casos. Sin embargo, lejos está el sistema de salud de la Argentina, y especialmente el de las Provincias, de poder convertir a estos progresos científicos en una práctica médica masiva, al alcance de todos aquellos que la necesitan, en tiempos razonables de acceso. Entre otras razones, por la insuficiente cantidad de donaciones de órganos y tejidos que se materializan. La enorme brecha que existe actualmente entre el número de personas diagnosticadas para un trasplante (Lista de Espera) y el de las donaciones que efectivamente se concretan (Procuración) se ha convertido en el principal problema a resolver por el sistema sanitario. Los siguientes datos proporcionados por el SINTRA (Sistema Nacional de Información de Procuración y Trasplante) son indicativos de la situación a nivel de todo el País y en nuestra Provincia (datos referidos a órganos y tejidos)

Do financial results influence sports results in football industry? Case study of the Brazilian football league

The purpose of this article is to investigate the influence of club revenues on their classification during the seasons from 2007 to 2016 of the first division of the Brazilian Football League. The data on club revenue and classification presented in this study were obtained on the websites of the clubs, of entities that investigate the sports economy of the Brazilian Football Confederation. In this study, we used information from 16 clubs, which were divided into 3 sample groups, according to the Total Revenue in dollars. The results showed that the G1 group had higher total revenue than the other groups and that the G3 Group had the lowest revenue among the groups, but that all groups evolved during the evaluated years. In relation to the classification, you can see that groups G1 and G2 presented similar results and that the G3 group always occupied the lowest ranked places in the championship. These results demonstrated a correlation between revenue and club classification. These results allow us to conclude that the higher-revenue teams showed better positions in the championship because, by collecting more, they tend to have better conditions to compete for the title and continue to increase their revenues, not only for awards and sponsorships, but also for exploring their titles

Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries

Child growth failure (CGF), manifested as stunting, wasting, and underweight, is associated with high 5 mortality and increased risks of cognitive, physical, and metabolic impairments. Children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face the highest levels of CGF globally. Here we illustrate national and subnational variation of under-5 CGF indicators across LMICs, providing 2000–2017 annual estimates mapped at a high spatial resolution and aggregated to policy-relevant administrative units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the World Health 10 Organization’s ambitious Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40% and wasting to less than 5% by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and rates of progress exist across regions, countries, and within countries; our maps identify areas where high prevalence persists even within nations otherwise succeeding in reducing overall CGF prevalence. By highlighting where subnational disparities exist and the highest-need populations reside, these geospatial estimates can support policy-makers in planning locally 15 tailored interventions and efficient directing of resources to accelerate progress in reducing CGF and its health implications

Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries

Analyses of the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017 reveal inequalities across countries as well as within populations. Educational attainment is an important social determinant of maternal, newborn, and child health(1-3). As a tool for promoting gender equity, it has gained increasing traction in popular media, international aid strategies, and global agenda-setting(4-6). The global health agenda is increasingly focused on evidence of precision public health, which illustrates the subnational distribution of disease and illness(7,8); however, an agenda focused on future equity must integrate comparable evidence on the distribution of social determinants of health(9-11). Here we expand on the available precision SDG evidence by estimating the subnational distribution of educational attainment, including the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling, across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017. Previous analyses have focused on geographical disparities in average attainment across Africa or for specific countries, but-to our knowledge-no analysis has examined the subnational proportions of individuals who completed specific levels of education across all low- and middle-income countries(12-14). By geolocating subnational data for more than 184 million person-years across 528 data sources, we precisely identify inequalities across geography as well as within populations.Peer reviewe

Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17

Background: Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. Findings: Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4–40·7) to 50·3% (50·0–50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1–46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5–29·0) in 2000. Although some units improved access to the safest drinking water or sanitation facilities since 2000, a large absolute number of people continued to not have access in several units with high access to such facilities (>80%) in 2017. More than 253 000 people did not have access to sewer or septic sanitation facilities in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, despite 88·6% (95% UI 87·2–89·7) access overall. Many units were able to transition from the least safe facilities in 2000 to safe facilities by 2017; for units in which populations primarily practised open defecation in 2000, 686 (95% UI 664–711) of the 1830 (1797–1863) units transitioned to the use of improved sanitation. Geographical disparities in access to improved water across units decreased in 76·1% (95% UI 71·6–80·7) of countries from 2000 to 2017, and in 53·9% (50·6–59·6) of countries for access to improved sanitation, but remained evident subnationally in most countries in 2017. Interpretation: Our estimates, combined with geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden, identify where efforts to increase access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are most needed. By highlighting areas with successful approaches or in need of targeted interventions, our estimates can enable precision public health to effectively progress towards universal access to safe water and sanitation

Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Background Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for death and disability, but its overall association with health remains complex given the possible protective effects of moderate alcohol consumption on some conditions. With our comprehensive approach to health accounting within the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we generated improved estimates of alcohol use and alcohol-attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 195 locations from 1990 to 2016, for both sexes and for 5-year age groups between the ages of 15 years and 95 years and older. Methods Using 694 data sources of individual and population-level alcohol consumption, along with 592 prospective and retrospective studies on the risk of alcohol use, we produced estimates of the prevalence of current drinking, abstention, the distribution of alcohol consumption among current drinkers in standard drinks daily (defined as 10 g of pure ethyl alcohol), and alcohol-attributable deaths and DALYs. We made several methodological improvements compared with previous estimates: first, we adjusted alcohol sales estimates to take into account tourist and unrecorded consumption; second, we did a new meta-analysis of relative risks for 23 health outcomes associated with alcohol use; and third, we developed a new method to quantify the level of alcohol consumption that minimises the overall risk to individual health. Findings Globally, alcohol use was the seventh leading risk factor for both deaths and DALYs in 2016, accounting for 2.2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1.5-3.0) of age-standardised female deaths and 6.8% (5.8-8.0) of age-standardised male deaths. Among the population aged 15-49 years, alcohol use was the leading risk factor globally in 2016, with 3.8% (95% UI 3.2-4-3) of female deaths and 12.2% (10.8-13-6) of male deaths attributable to alcohol use. For the population aged 15-49 years, female attributable DALYs were 2.3% (95% UI 2.0-2.6) and male attributable DALYs were 8.9% (7.8-9.9). The three leading causes of attributable deaths in this age group were tuberculosis (1.4% [95% UI 1. 0-1. 7] of total deaths), road injuries (1.2% [0.7-1.9]), and self-harm (1.1% [0.6-1.5]). For populations aged 50 years and older, cancers accounted for a large proportion of total alcohol-attributable deaths in 2016, constituting 27.1% (95% UI 21.2-33.3) of total alcohol-attributable female deaths and 18.9% (15.3-22.6) of male deaths. The level of alcohol consumption that minimised harm across health outcomes was zero (95% UI 0.0-0.8) standard drinks per week. Interpretation Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for global disease burden and causes substantial health loss. We found that the risk of all-cause mortality, and of cancers specifically, rises with increasing levels of consumption, and the level of consumption that minimises health loss is zero. These results suggest that alcohol control policies might need to be revised worldwide, refocusing on efforts to lower overall population-level consumption.Peer reviewe